ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 3 Introduction 5 Incense sticks and candles in China 6 The hsiang-yin or "incense seal 6 The Hundred Gradations Incense Seal 7 The Five Watch Incense Seal 12 Wang Ying-lin's Encyclopedia 14 Modern incense-seal timepieces 16 Missionary accounts of Chinese incense timekeepers 22 The dragon incense vessel 26 Incense timekeepers of the Japanese 27 The match-cord 27 The candle timepiece 27 Japanese incense-sticks 27 The geisha timepiece 28 "Incense seal" timepieces in Japan 29 Captain Golownin's account 29 The Jo-ko-ban, or "permanent incense board" 29 The Ji-ko-ban, or "time measuring incense board" 29 The Mizu-tori, or spring festival 29 The Kō-in-za in the Shōsōin 31 General use of incense timekeepers in Japan 33 Father Tçuzu's account of incense timekeepers 34 Fraissinet's account 34 Incense timekeepers in private collections 35 Smelling the time 37 Incense timekeepers in Korea 37 Incense timekeepers of Northeast Asia 38 Fire and Incense Clocks in Hawaii 39 Appendices A. Horary systems 40 B. History of incense 41 C. The Mizu-tori or Japanese spring festival 44 Bibliography 46 Glossary 47 Index 50
