 |
|
| History of Use and Trade of Agarwood | ||
| 作者 | López-Sampson, Arlene (著) ; Page, Tony (著) |
|---|---|
| 出處題名 | Economic Botany |
| 卷期 | v.72 n.1 |
| 出版日期 | 2018.03 |
| 頁次 | 107 - 129 |
| 出版者 | Springer |
| 出版者網址 | http://www.springeronline.com |
| 出版地 | Heidelberg, Germany [海德堡, 德國] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 附註項 | 1. Arlene López-Sampson James Cook University, Australia. 2. Tony Page University of Sunshine Coast, Australia. |
| 關鍵詞 | Agarwood; aloeswood; gaharu; oud; calambac; Aquilana; history; aromatic plants; fragrant plants; trade |
| 摘要 | Aromatics originating from the resin-infused infected wood of the Aquilana and Gyrinops genera have distinct and valued fragrances. Resin formation occurs as a response to internal injury and/or infections in the stems of the agarwood tree. The incenses and perfumes that are produced from agarwood have been valued for centuries and used by many cultures for spiritual, opulent, and aphrodisiac purposes. Agarwood is highly revered in the seminal texts of Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. As early as 1400 B.C.E., agarwood was described as a fragrant product in Sanskrit texts, and in 65 B.C.E., Dioscorides detailed several medical applications for agarwood. Knowledge of human-induced agarwood formation was recorded in China as early as 300 C.E., where it was known that cutting into a tree would lead to a color change in its internal tissues within a year of the injury as a consequence of resin development. There is historical evidence of international trade in agarwood between the producing (tropical southeastern Asia) and consuming (Middle East, India, China, and Japan) regions of the world. Agarwood has been consumed primarily as incense with the burning of wood chips directly or as an important ingredient for powdered incense blends. The aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species and variety of the two genera, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing. The subtle but numerous variations in agarwood properties led to the development of systems for product classification and description in several consumer countries. This paper reviews the uses and trade of agarwood and its social, political, and economic significance in human history. |
| 目次 | Introduction 107 Methods 108 Etymology 108 Agarwood in Religious Texts 110 Hindu Texts 110 Christian Scriptures 110 Buddhist Texts 111 Islamic Texts 111 History of Use and Trade of Agarwood by Region 112 Ancient Egypt 112 Ancient Greece and Rome 112 Middle East 113 India 114 China 115 Japan 117 Europe 118 Historical Agarwood Grades and Quality 118 Middle Eastern Descriptors 118 Indian Descriptors 119 Chinese Grades 119 Japanese Grades 120 European Descriptors 120 Contemporary Use 121 Conclusions 122 Acknowledgements 123 Literature Cited 123 |
| ISSN | 00130001 (P); 18749364 (E) |
| 點閱次數 | 23 |
| 建檔日期 | 2024.06.25 |
| 更新日期 | 2024.07.01 |
建議您使用 Chrome, Firefox, Safari(Mac) 瀏覽器能獲得較好的檢索效果，IE不支援本檢索系統。
