일본의 오봉에 비추어 본 한국의 조상숭배 문화―일본 관서지역과 고야산 오봉, 현지 조사를 통하여=Korean and Japanese ancestor worship: A comparative study -Through field investigations in the Gansai area and the Goyasan temples in Japan
오봉; 세가끼; 우란분; 백중; 조상숭배문화; Korean and Japanese ancestor worship; The culture of Korean ancestor worship; Comparing The ancestor worship culture with Korean and Japanese; The culture of Japanese ancestor worship; Goyansan Obon in Japan; The relationship between The culture of ancestor worship and Buddhism
摘要
본고에서는 일본 관서지역과 고야산 일대 사찰에서 행하는 오봉(お盆)에 대한 현지조사 연구를 계기로 『우란분경』과 『목련경』이 성립된 배경과 한 국의 우란분 신행을 함께 조명하였다. 오늘날 중국과 대만에서 농력(農曆: 음력)7월 ‘귀신의 달’을 맞아 행하는 민간 신앙과 미신적 행위들을 불교 신 행으로 극복해 가는 모습에서 이들 경전이 쓰여진 당시의 사회ㆍ문화적 실 상을 짐작할 수 있었다. 일본에는 유교가 죽음에 관련된 의례를 담당했던 적이 없었던데 비해 한 국에는 유교적 제의가 사대사상과 맞물려 확산된 데다, 효(孝)를 통치기반 으로 한 조선시대에는 유교적 제사에 그 자리를 내어주었고, 불교적 조상숭 배는 ‘천도’라는 한정된 신행으로 축소되었다. 16세기말 일본에 기독교의 침투가 있었으나 이와 맞선 사청제도(寺請制度)로써 민중의 삶이 사찰과 더욱 밀착하게 되었고, 명치유신(明治維新) 이후 오봉이 양력 8월로 전환 됨으로써 오늘날 대중적 축제로 안착하였다. 이에 비해 한국의 조상숭배문화는 일제의 한국문화말살정책, 기독교문화 의 팽배가 겹치면서 왜곡과 단절의 위기를 맞았다. 농경생활에 의한 ‘백중’ 은 ‘우란분’으로, ‘천도’의 개념은 ‘공양과 시식’의 추선배례로, 음력은 양력 으로, 명절 증후군을 불러오는 단독 제의의 중압감은 합동재의로써 탈피할 수 있다. 우란분을 통한 조상합동재의 축제는 불교의 대중화에 기여하는 바 가 클 것이다.
From ancient times, people have regarded July as the "ghost month" in China. Their ancestral spirits were considered very important among the ghosts, and thus were the subject of memorial services and mercy offerings. It was likewise in Korea and Japan. But following the inflow of Buddhism into north-east Asia, customs changed. The 『Uranbun Sutra(盂蘭盆經)』 was held capable of leading deceased ancestral spirits to heaven by way of offerings awarded to the monks. It was accompanied by the 『Mokruyn Sutra(目蓮經)』, which added the idea of filial piety. Today, however, the Uranbun tradition is maintained in Korea only as an old wives tale. Yet there is a big related festival in Japan. My studies into this subject, conducted through the Gansai area and the temples at Goya mountain in Japan, confirmed that the difference in retained emphasis is a result of historical development. Confucian funeral rituals have never taken hold in Japan. Also, while Christianity made inroads into Japan, the Japanese ruler Ieyasu Tokugawa(1542～1616) intervened to suppress it and ensure funeral rituals retained their Buddhist identity. From that time, the Obon(お盆) became a people's festival and Japanese funeral rituals were entrenched in Buddhism. But in Korea, during the Joseon dynasty Buddhism was suppressed, Confucian funeral rituals and ancestor worship have taken hold. During the Japanese colonial rule of Korea, the colonisers sought to degrade all of custom include ancestor worship as part of a more general attempt to nullify traditional Korean popular beliefs and traditions. Then following liberation, Christianity made rapid and widespread inroads into Korean life, further eroding traditions of ancestor worship. Today, the ceremony for the Royal Ancestor's Shrine is UNESCO recognized. However, it constitutes little more than performance. The labor of preparing the traditional dishes involved in paying ancestral homage, for example, are seen as burdensome to many in the newer generations. Large numbers of people, not only Buddhists and Confucianists, but also those of no professed religion, go to church and do not perform traditional ancestral rites. Performing ancestral rites on an individual basis is burdensome. But if people were to worship together in the temple this would lessen the burden. It would also serve to festivalize the rites ceremonies and repopularize Buddhism, as well as resolve the conflicts of tradition which can arise in modern families.
目次
I. 머리말 95 II. 조상숭배문화의 불교적 수용 96 III. 일본 간사이 지역의 오봉 103 IV. 고야산 일대 사찰의 오봉 107 V. 일본의 오봉과 한국의 우란분 117 VI. 맺음말 124
