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| From Clarifying Pearls and Gems to Water Coagulation with Alum: History, Surviving Practices, and Technical Assessment | ||
| 作者 | al Azharia Jahn, Samia (著) |
|---|---|
| 出處題名 | Anthropos |
| 卷期 | v.94 n.4/6 Summer/Fall |
| 出版日期 | 1999 |
| 頁次 | 419 - 430 |
| 出版者 | Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |
| 出版者網址 | https://www.nomos.de/ |
| 出版地 | Baden-Baden, Germany [巴登-巴登, 德國] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 附註項 | Samia Al Azharia Jahn, Dr., neurophysiologist, also trained in natural sciences.- Lecturer in Cairo and Khartoum, later project leader. Since 1973 investigation of traditional water purification methods in the Sudan and their possible application for rural water supplies in the whole tropical belt. Since 1991 lecturer in water chemistry and chemical water treatments in the tropics at the University of Applied Sciences, Suderburg, Germany. - Research interests include: medical subjects, oral traditions in Arab countries, and ethnograph. |
| 摘要 | Ancient Indian texts (Milindapañha, Suśruta sarnhitā) mention gems as clarifiers for turbid water. Gemmineralogical and chemotechnical assessments of philological interpretations showed that reference to pearls and hessonite (transformed to hydrogrossular) indicates practical experience. Rock crystal, also the "wish-granting gem" of Buddhas and Boddhisattvas instead of a pearl, only resembles ice. Alum, substitute of water-clearing animal or plant materials used by the illiterate lower classes, was mainly promoted by men. The widespread traditional water clarification with alum in China (thanks to rich resources and various artisans using alum) seems to have encouraged worldwide application in waterworks. Due to better understanding of health risks, alum consumption is now reduced. |
| 目次 | Abstract 419 1 Introduction 419 2 Preasure of Alum in Ancient Indian Texts 419 2.1 Water-Clearing with a Gem Compared to Purification by Faith 419 2.2 Religious and Magic Role of Gems in Hinduism and Buddhism 420 2.3 Water-Clearing Gems Quoted in a Medical Treatise 421 2.4 Mineralogical and Chemo-Technical Assessments of Philological Interpretations 421 2.5 Historical Notes on Alum Uses in India 423 3 Alum, a Coagulant for the Humble People and Waterworks 424 3.1 Reports from the Great Chinese Rivers 424 3.2 Alum-Based Clarifier Stone of the Tuaregs of Timea 424 3.3 Different Alum Varieties and Traditional Clarification Methods 426 3.4 Risks of Uncontrolled Use 426 4 Discussion and Conclusions 427 4.1 The Practical Impact of the Ancient Indian Texts on Clarifying Gems 427 4.2 Early Alum Mining in Africa and Traditional Water Clarification with Alum 427 4.3 The Role of China for the Global Dissemination of Alum as a Coagulant 428 References Cited 429 |
| ISSN | 02579774 (P) |
| 點閱次數 | 51 |
| 建檔日期 | 2023.10.31 |
| 更新日期 | 2023.10.31 |
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