Corruption; Culture; Religion; Political; Legitimacy; Political Effectiveness
摘要
This study examines the role of both religion and culture [as measured by the cultural clusters of countries in the GLOBE study of House et al. (Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, 2004)] on the levels of perceived corruption.Covering the period from 2000 to 2010, the study uses three different measures of perceived corruption: (1) the World Bank's Control of Corruption measure, (2) Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, and (3) Heritage Foundation's Freedom from Corruption Index. A system of three simultaneous equations is used, with the jointly endogenous variables being (a) perceived corruption, (b) perceived government legitimacy, and (c) perceived government effectiveness. The results show that both cultural and religious differences are incrementally related to perceived corruption, even after controlling for other economic and political factors. Specifically, relative to the Protestant Christian religion, the non-Protestant Christian religion, the Islamic religion, and Other Religion/No Religion are positively associated with higher corruption (or negatively with anti-corruption), but the Buddhist and Hindu religions appear to be not significantly different from the Protestant Christian religion. On the cultural side, compared to the Anglo-Saxon cultural tradition, the other European clusters are incrementally positively associated with higher corruption, but this tendency is offset by more effective political governance, thus leading in the case of the German and Nordic cultures to levels of corruption not statistically different from the Anglo cluster. All the non-European cultural clusters are associated with significantly higher corruption tendencies, but the overall effect is mitigated partially by either greater perceived political legitimacy (Latin-American, Middle-Eastern, Caribbean, and Pacific Islander), or greater political effectiveness (Confucian and South-East Asian).
目次
Abstract 255 Keywords 255 Introduction 255 Literature Review 256 Causes of Corruption 256 Culture and Religion as Influences on Human Behavior 256 GLOBE Study of Culture 257 Good Governance Indicators 257 Methodology of Study 258 Data Sources for Measures of Perceived Corruption 258 Other Data Sources 259 Simultaneous Equation Models Estimated 260 Findings of Study 261 Descriptive Statistics 261 Results of Initial Analyses 263 Tests of Robustness of Results 270 Test of Robustness I: Alternative Perceived Corruption Measures 270 Test of Robustness II: Estimation Using Random Effects Panel Analysis, GMM, and FIML 272 Test of Robustness III: Estimation Using ISLM_PCT as Base for RELIGION Effect 275 Conclusions 276 Appendix 276 References 282
