This article compares the strategies through which Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Indonesia have regulated religion and addressed questions of what constitutes "the religious" in the post-independence period. We show that the dominant approach pursued by the Indian state has been one of judicialization - the delegation of religious questions to the high courts - while in Indonesia it has predominantly been one of bureaucratization - the regulation of religious issues by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. Contrary to the expectation that judicialization devitalizes normative conflicts while bureaucratization, more frequently associated with authoritarian politics, "locks" these conflicts "in", we show that these expectations have not materialized, and at times, the effects have been reverse. Engaging the literatures on judicialization and on bureaucratization, we argue that what determines the consequences of the policy toward religion is less the choice of the implementing institution (i.e., the judiciary or bureaucracy) than the mode of delegation (vertical versus horizontal) which shapes the relationship between the policy-maker and the institution implementing it. Bureaucrats, judges, and elected politicians in multicultural societies around the world encounter questions of religious nature very similar to those that authorities in India and Indonesia have faced. How they address the challenge of religious heterogeneity has a profound impact on prospects of nation-building and democratization. It is therefore imperative that the consequences of the policy toward religion, and even more so the consequences of political delegation, be studied more systematically.
目次
Introduction 448 Strategies of Addressing Religious Questions: Judicialization versus Bureaucratization 450 Judicialization: The Secular Indian State's Response to Questions of Religion and Religious Identity 452 "Semitization" of "Gentooism": The Indian Judiciary on Hinduism and Hindu Identity 454 The Indian Judiciary on Islam and Muslim Identity 457 Bureaucratization: A "Pan-Religious" Indonesian State Responds to Questions of Religion and Religious Identity 461 The Policy of Agamasasi : Turning Religion into the Building Block of Indonesian National Identity 463 Religion and Religious Law in Indonesian Courts 466 Comparing India and Indonesia: Judicialization Versus Bureaucratization 469 Conclusions 470 References 474
