복합미래; 단순미래; 오늘=today(adyatana); 내일=tomorrow(śvas); 미래= future; 경계=境界= boundary; the periphrastic future(luṭ); the simple future(ḷṭ)
摘要
오늘 발생하지 않는 미래를 표현할 때 사용되는 복합미래는 베다 문헌에서 사용되기 시작하여 브라흐마나 문헌과 서사시에서 사용빈도가 증가되었지만, 고전범어 문헌들에서는 그 용례가 거의 발견되지 않는 짧은 수명을 지닌 문법이다. 복합미래는 명확한 시기를 지시하는 śvas(내일)와 같은 단어들과 주로 사용되면서, 화자로 부터 먼 미래를 표현한다. 그러나 먼 미래일지라도 지금부터 시작하는 행위의 경우, 행위의 중단 없는 연속의 경우, 낮과 밤이 아닌 시간 단위의 단어가 있는 경우, 화자의 단순한 희망 사항을 표현하는 경우는 사용될 수 없다. 복합미래는 시기가 명확한 경우, 현실화될 것이 분명한 경우, 화자의 강한 의지를 드러낼 경우 등에 주로 사용된다.
Sanskrit has several ways of expressing future time. The simplest, which may be used to indicate immediate future, is simply to use the present indicative(laṭ). On the other hand, for more general expression of future time, Sanskrit has two distinct verbal conjugation, namely the periphrastic future(luṭ) and the simple future(ḷṭ). The periphrastic future is far less frequently used. It is used to express ‘something that is going to happen not to-day’(anadyatana-bhaviṣyat-kāle arthe). It denotes action that will take place at some more or less definite time or occasion in the future, but not of to-day. On the other hand, the simple future is used to express ‘something that is going to happen in general future time’(sāmānya-bhaviṣyat-kale arthe). It denotes generally ‘uninterrupted action’(kriyā-prabandha), indefinite future time, and ‘proximity time’(sāmīpya-kale arthe) that of the speaker. As the term sāmānya(general) is meant, the simple future could be used to denote any indefinite future action. So it is used more frequently than others. In the most of time, a reader meets the simple future in sanskrit sentences. While the periphrastic future use begins in Veda, and it grows in the common in Brāhmaṇas and Epics, but it is nowhere nearly so frequent as the simple future. And then it is so difficult that quotes from classical sanskrit. But as it could be understood in directions of Aṣṭādhyāyī and various quotable examples from Veda, Brāhmaṇas, and Epics, the periphrastic future was used to as the proper role in the sentence. So a reader could infer from the sentence that the speaker's standpoint on the future action, as below. Firstly, there is a gap between the time-point of a speaker's utterance and the action expressed by the periphrastic future. Secondly, there is a high possibility that the action, which is expressed by the periphrastic future, can be realized. Thirdly, if the speaker and the subject are the same person, in many cases, it indicates a strong will that the speaker will do the action expressed by the periphrastic future. Hence when a speaker swears to do an action, periphrastic future is employed.
目次
I 서언. 53 II 복합미래의 개요. 56 III 파니니 문법 (Aṣṭādhyāyī)에 나타난 복합미래의 규칙들. 59 IV 복합미래의 용례구분. 78 V 결어. 85
