Adam Burke is an independent consultant and researcher working on conflict and related concerns in Myanmar and across Southeast Asia. Postal address: 172/51 Homeplace, Soi Pridi 20, Sukhumvit Soi 71, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
關鍵詞
Myanmar; Burma; conflict; ethnicity; identity; politics; political violence; Rakhine; Rohingya
摘要
Violence in Rakhine State of Myanmar in 2012 and 2013 caused up to 1,000 deaths and forced the long-term displacement of entire communities. Using evidence from interviews, media coverage and secondary literature, this article explores recent events and considers contextual factors behind the unrest. The conflict is a symptom of long-term historical tensions between Rakhine Buddhists and Muslims, and contemporary political changes that reinvigorated anti-Muslim sentiment across Myanmar. Rigid ethnic classifications that are enshrined in Myanmar's laws and political system have encouraged territorial attitudes and furthered discrimination against Muslims and others perceived as migrants. This environment generates incentives for local politicians to strengthen group identity and present themselves as the guardians of their electorate. Raised tensions and a background of violence made it easier for Rakhine politicians to promote identity-based voting and to ensure that most Muslim voters in Rakhine State were disenfranchised, paving the way for some local success in the national elections of November 2015. Following the elections, Aung San Suu Kyi's new government indicated that past policies would continue, disappointing those hoping for rapid change and demonstrating the entrenched nature of Rakhine State's problems.
目次
Abstract 258 Keywords 259 Historical Precedents, Ethnicity and Religious Nationalism 261 A Minority within a Minority State 264 New Political Space and Economic Change 266 Political Interests and Violence 267 The 2015 Election Results 271 International Factors 272 Conclusions 274 NOTES 277
