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| Early Indian Buddhist Monasteries: Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla from 200 BCE to 700 CE | ||
| 作者 | Zukas, David Kulamitra (著) |
|---|---|
| 出處題名 | International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture=국제불교문화사상사학회 |
| 卷期 | v.33 n.1 |
| 出版日期 | 2023.06 |
| 頁次 | 61 - 92 |
| 出版者 | International Association for Buddhist Thought and Culture |
| 出版者網址 | http://iabtc.org/ |
| 出版地 | Seoul, Korea [首爾, 韓國] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 關鍵詞 | Buddhist archaeology; rock-cut architecture; Bhaja; Bedsa; Karla |
| 摘要 | From the 2nd century BCE onwards, dozens of Buddhist monasteries, with hundreds of rock-cut buildings, were excavated in the hill ranges that divide India’s western coastal plain from its Deccan plateau. Surveys have been done to establish a relative chronology and absolute dates for their shrine-halls. This study is different. It examines three of these sites in much greater detail, to reveal the development of Buddhism, in a particular area, from its physical remains. This re-examination of the rock-cut remains can show how Buddhism evolved in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa and Karla. The modified rock-shelters and caverns show that Buddhist monks lived in natural caves and then made them more habitable. This is the area’s earliest rock-cut architecture. Later, whole buildings were excavated and attempts were made to conserve rainwater, so that the monks could stay here longer than the three months permitted for rains retreats. This study shows, from the material remains, when and where some monks began to change from itinerant wandering to settled monasticism. Building these monasteries’ monumental rock-cut shrine-halls completed this process. Detailed analysis shows that Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla continued to expand, creating more facilities for pilgrims, making monastic dams to irrigate the village fields, and introducing Buddha images. This shows the sites were monastically organized and controlled until at least the 7th century CE. My research into their physical remains has shown how monasteries in this area were transformed, from temporary rainy season retreats into centers of public worship and monastic learning, which were supported by royal land grants. This happened in nine distinct phases, common throughout the area. Inscriptions found at the main sites can be used to date the last seven phases, to give a secure working chronology for local Buddhist history in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla. |
| 目次 | Abstract 62 Introduction 63 Phase 1: Monastically modified Caverns and Open Single Cells 66 Phase 2: Watercourse Cisterns, Empty Circular Shrines and Closed Single Cells 70 Phase 3: Early Monumental Shrine-halls at Karla, Bedsa, and Bhaja, 150–100 BCE 74 Phase 4: Bhaja’s new Multi-celled Residences and Specialist Teachers, 100–50 BCE 78 Phase 5: Bedsa’s New Monumental Shrine and An Ascetic Dwelling 50–0 BCE 81 Phase 6: Karla’s New Monumental Shrine-hall and Its Land Grants, 0–50 CE 83 Phase 7: The Lay Public’s Cisterns, Seats and Rest-halls, 50–150 CE 85 Phase 8: Dam Sites and Large Water Tanks, 150–400 CE 86 Phase 9: Bhaja, Bedsa and Karla’s Intrusive Buddha Images, 400–700 CE 88 Conclusion 89 References 91 |
| ISSN | 15987914 (P) |
| DOI | 10.16893/IJBTC.2023.06.33.1.61 |
| 點閱次數 | 65 |
| 建檔日期 | 2023.08.10 |
| 更新日期 | 2023.08.10 |
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