| 摘要 | 自有思維開始,人類的先民們就開始構想所處世界的結構與狀貌,這些構思、想象并沒有如云煙一般消散,而是留存在他們的神話中,至今仍可看到蹤跡。許多文明都有這樣的神話,宇宙原本混沌,后從它的中心處生發出整個世界,而這個中心一般有一座高可通天的高山(或柱子)作為標志,世界圍繞它如何分布、構造如何,就是宇宙觀神話。以昆侖山為中心的世界構成神話是中國的宇宙觀神話。因它具備大地之中、天梯、河源等特征,在整個華夏民族的心具中有十分崇高的地位。上古時期,昆侖山宇宙觀神話已被記錄在《山海經》、《淮南子》等典籍中,至東漢時佛教傳入,帶來了印度的須彌山宇宙觀神話。因具有相似的宇宙山特征,須彌山神話慢慢與中國本土的昆侖山神話相融合,導致了一系列地理學和宗教學上的誤解。本文的研究著眼于對兩種神話的源頭詳加梳理,揭示其各自的文化淵源和文化內涵,以及隨著文化傳播而揉合為一的演變之跡。通過文獻梳理、分析,可以發現昆侖宇宙觀神話與須彌宇宙觀神話,在魏晉南北朝時期初步融合,從漢譯佛經將二者相混開始,逐漸有很多漢籍被影響,先是志怪小說,后至地理著作,這也使得人們看待這二者的眼光由神話學轉向地理學。至清代時,人們對二者的關注與研究基本完全從神話層面轉移到地理層面,追求找到二者在現實地理上的對應遠甚于探討二者的關系,昆侖山的神圣性大大喪失。
Since the beginning of human thinking,the ancestors of mankind began to conceive the structure and appearance of the world.These ideas and imagination did not dissipate as cloud or smog,which retained in their myths and still can find traces.Many civilizations have such a myth that the universe was originally chaotic.Then the whole world was born from its center and the center generally had a high passable mountain or pillar as a sign.The cosmology myth is about how the world distributed and how it was constructed.The Chinese cosmology myth is about the world centered on the Kunlun Mountains.Because it has the cosmic center,babel road,river birthplace and other characteristics,the myth has a very high status in the eyes of the Chinese nation.In ancient times,the Kunlun Mountains cosmology myth was recorded in the "Shan Hai Jing","Huai Nan Zi" and other documents.India’s Sumeru Mountains cosmology myth was brought in Chinese with Buddhism introduced at the Eastern Han Dynasty.Because of the similar characteristics of the cosmic mountain,the Sumeru Mountains cosmology myth combined with Chinese Kunlun Mountains myth slowly,which led to a series of misunderstanding in geography and religious.The research of this paper focuses on combing the origins of the two myths,revealing their respective cultural origins and cultural connotations and the evolution of culture spread and blend into one.It is found that these two myths were integrated initially in the Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties.The integration was appearing in the Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures at the beginning.And then many Chinese documents were affected such as ghost novels and the geographical works,which also makes people’s view about these two myths transferred from the mythology to geography gradually.Until Qing dynasty,people’s concern and research of the two myths were completely transferred from the mythological level to the geographical level.People pursued to find a geographic correspondence that was far more than the relationship between the two myths.The sacred of the Kunlun Mountains was greatly lost. |
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