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| 佛典漢譯“出經”及其概念功能=“Chujing”: A Concept of the Collaborative Buddhist Sutra Translation Practice in Ancient China | ||
| 作者 | 王向遠 (著) |
|---|---|
| 出處題名 | 上海師範大學學報(哲學社會科學版)=Journal of Shanghai Teachers University |
| 卷期 | n.4 |
| 出版日期 | 2022 |
| 頁次 | 47 - 57 |
| 出版者 | 中國上海師範大學 |
| 出版者網址 | http://xuebao.shnu.edu.cn/index.asp |
| 出版地 | 上海, 中國 [Shanghai, China] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 中文=Chinese |
| 附註項 | 王向遠，廣東外語外貿大學東方學研究院學術院長，教授，博士生導師（廣東 廣州 510420）。 |
| 關鍵詞 | 佛典漢譯=Chinese translation of Buddhist sutra; 出經=Chujing; 東方化=Orientalization; 東方學史=history of Oriental studies; 翻譯史=history of translation |
| 摘要 | 從中國東方學史的跨學科綜合研究角度考察漢譯佛經史，就會發現魏晉南北朝時期相關文獻中頻頻 使用的“出經”一詞，不同於後來所說的“譯經”或“翻經”，具有很強的概念功能。“出經”不僅包含“檀越請 出→執梵本者口翻→譯者口傳→筆受→理味→校定→合本”這樣覆雜的程序環節，還需要“講經”（宣講）那樣 的特定場所的儀式活動，以使在場僧眾成為“出經”的參與者、見證者，而這些都不是單純的翻譯活動。早期 “出經”的主體多是“執梵本”的外僧，本土“譯”（傳譯）者僅僅助其傳達，因而“出經”一般不稱“譯經”，出經場所 也不稱“譯場”。到了佛典漢譯後期，玄奘對以往的“出經”方式做了徹底的簡化改革，使其成為單純的翻譯活 動，並且將“翻”與“譯”合二為一，針對“五翻”而提出“五不翻”，以此終結了“出經”時代，進入了中國人自主翻 譯的“新譯”時代。 “Chujing”（出经），a term used frequently in the initial stages of Buddhist sutra translation，was a distinct con⁃ cept indicating the foreign monk-led collaborative translation practice at the time. During the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties（c. 265-589），Buddhist sutra translation was practiced in a way different from how it is practiced today，which had been called“Chujing”，literally meaning bringing forth the Chinese version of Buddhist sutras.“Chujing”often involves all or most of the seven steps：（1）commission，（2）oral explication，（3）interpreting，（4）recording，（5）compilation，（6）checking and（7）editing. Some steps usually took place in Translation Forums（Yichan，译场），a kind of intensive semi⁃nar，where the foreign monk explained or propagated the Buddha teachings to a group of disciples who listened and took notes；also，rather than the Interpreter or the Recorder，it was the foreign monk，despite his lack of knowledge of the target language，who was billed as the Chief. This form of undertaking，which is different from modern practice which is solitary and almost exclusively written，may explain why it was called“chu”（出），meaning“bringing forth”，instead of“yi”（译），meaning“translating”. However，in the later phase of sutra translation，as the increased linguistic and theoretical expertise of Chinese monks rendered it unnecessary to depend on the explication and proclaiming of a foreign monk，the process was much simplified. Xuan Zang（602-664 CE），a famous monk conversant with Sanskrit，integrated the step of explication into translation and proposed Five Guidelines for Not-translating a Term（五不翻），thereby ending the time of“Chujing”and ushering in a new era of Buddhist sutra translation. |
| 目次 | 一、“出經”概念及與“譯經”的區別 48 二、從方式、環境與條件看“出經”的意味 49 三、從過程與諸環節看“出經” 52 四、玄奘的“新譯”與“出經”方式的終結 54 五、結語 57 |
| ISSN | 10048634 (P); 10048634 (E) |
| DOI | 10.13852/J.CNKI.JSHNU.2022.04.005 |
| 點閱次數 | 260 |
| 建檔日期 | 2022.09.22 |
| 更新日期 | 2022.10.20 |
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