The central issue that Chingai 珍海 wanted to mention in the Ketsujō ōjō-shū 決定往生集was the proof that the ordinary person (bonbu 凡夫) can attain paradise by prayer to Amitābha (nembutsu 念仏). Chingai evaluates shōmyō nembutsu as the most important practice. I elucidate the relationship between shinnen 心念 and kunen 口念, that is, the relationship between kansō nembutsu and shōmyō nembutsu from the viewpoint of three kinds of Karma-actions, words, and thoughts.
