圭峯宗密=Guifeng Zongmi; 知思想=Chi(知) thought; 知之一字衆妙之門=The one word ‘knowledge’ is gateway to all mysteries; 荷澤宗=Heze(荷澤) Chan lineage; 洪州宗=Hongzhu school
摘要
唐 중기에 활약한 圭峯宗密(780-841)은 華嚴敎學과 中國思想 그리고 禪思想에 두루 정통했다. 선사상에서는 특히 荷澤宗의 宣揚에 크게 공헌하였다. 본 논문에서는 종밀의 하택종 선양에 핵심적 역할을 한 知思想을 살펴보았다. 먼저 종밀의 知사상의 근간이 되었던 荷澤神會와 淸凉澄觀의 知사상을 살펴보고, 종밀의 知사상에서는 ‘知’의 역사적·교학적 근거와 知의 작용성과 역할을 살펴보았다. 종밀은 知를 최초로 전한 사람은 달마이며 달마가 知를 직접적으로 말하지는 않았지만, 달마에서 혜능까지 6代는 黙契로 전해졌다고 말하고 있다. 그러나 신회의 대에 이르러서는 여러 종파들이 경쟁적으로 전파하여 혼돈스러워짐에 달마로부터 以心傳心으로 黙傳해오던 달마종의 종지가 멸절될까 두려워 ‘知라는 한 글자’를 현시하지 않을 수 없었다고 하며 하택종의 역사적 정통성을 세우고 있다. 또 종밀은 『起信論』의 體用구도를 의지하여 자신의 고유한 철학사상인 ‘知’사상의 교학적 근거를 세운다. 이러한 知는 本體論적 의미와 함께 능동적 활동성이 가능하여, 앎·봄·비춤·밝음 등의 작용성이 있다. 이 知의 설정에 의해 종밀의 중심 禪사상인 선교일치론과 홍주종비판과 돈오점수론이 가능하게 되었음을 살펴보았다.
Guifeng Zongmi(圭峯宗密 780-841), who had been active in the middle period of Tang(唐) Dynasty, was thoroughly well acquainted with Huayan school(華嚴敎學), Chinese Thought(中國思想), and Chan Thought(禪思想). Among them, he greatly contributed to enhance in the Heze Chan School(荷澤宗). This study examined Chi Thought(知思想) of Zongmi, which played a core role in enhance of Heze Chan lineage. First of all, Chi(知) thought of Heze Shenhui(荷澤神會) and Chengguan(淸凉澄觀) are examined, which had become the root of Chi(知) thought of Zongmi. The historical and doctrinal basis in the ‘Chi(知)’ of Zongmi, and activity and role in Chi are also examined. Zongmi said that a person who transmitted Chi(知) for the first time is Dharma(達磨), and it had been inherited implicitly for six generations from Dharma(達磨) to Huineng(慧能). However, during Shenhui's era(神會代), several sects transmitted it competitively. It was worried whether Dharma lineage might be disappeared due to this kind of situation. So it was inevitable for Zongmi to establish the historical authenticity of the Heze Chan School(荷澤宗) through Chi Thought(知思想). Also, Zongmi(宗密) sets up the doctrinal basis in ‘Chi(知)’ thought, which is his distinct philosophical thought based on the Ti-yong(體用 essence-function) theory of Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith(大乘起信論). As Chi(知) has positive side of activity along with the significance of ontology, it has the function of ‘knowing’, ‘seeing’, ‘illuminating’, and ‘brightening’. By the establishment of this Chi(知) thought, the unity of Chan and doctrine(禪敎一致), the criticism on Hongzhu school(洪州宗), and the theory of ‘sudden enlightenment and gradual practice’(頓悟漸修論), which are the central Seon Thought(禪思想) in Zongmi(宗密) have been examined in this paper.
