日光山輪王寺蔵『常⾏堂聲明譜』による「例時作法」・「衆集」の検討 : 親鸞伝中の「堂僧」に関する研究として=A Study of "The Dōsō Monks" in Shinran's Biography, Based on Historical Materials of Mt. Nikkō『常行堂聲明譜』
Eshinni 恵信尼, Shinran’s wife, wrote in a letter that Shinran was a monk of the dōsō 堂僧 rank of the Jōgyōdō 常行堂 at Enryakuji Temple. The dōsō are is said to have been a class of low-ranking monks of the Tendai sect, who maintained the practice of nenbutsu, using a training method called jōgyō-zanmai 常行三昧 taught in Tendai Zhiyi’s Mohe zhiguan.
In this paper, I used as my primary historical source the Rinnōji records 輪 王寺文書 housed in Rinnōji Temple at Mt. Nikkō. The Rinnōji Temple is one of the major temples of the Tendai Sect in the Kantō region. The Jōgyōdō at Mt. Nikkō, known for its tradition and organization, has maintained many historical materials about dōsō monks that Mt. Hiei had lost. Thus, Rinnōji has materials that the Tendai headquarters on Mt. Hiei no longer has.
The dōsō monks carried out the reiji sahō 例時作法 every day. There were two types of reiji sahō in the musical score “Mt. Nikkō” 常行堂聲明譜, called inzei 引声 and tanzei 短声. These were used in the Amida-kyō 阿弥陀経 recitation by the dōsō monks. In a comparative study of various types of reiji sahō texts, I point out that daily recitation in the reiji sahō was of the tanzei style, while the inzei style was performed at other memorial services.
Secondly, I take under consideration the annual events of the Jōgyōdō. I write about the event shushū 衆集, which was a monk’s assembly. The monk’s religious service in the shushū also consisted of reciting the Amida-kyō, so that was added to the reiji sahō.
The jōgyō-zanmai in Zhiyi’s Mohe zhiguan was a practice method that seeks to simulate the Buddha in this life. However, from the point that the dōsō monks continued to read the Amida-kyō when performing the reiji sahō, they had clearly wished to be born in the Pure Land. The method of Zhiyi was not practiced in medieval Japan. The study of Shinran’s biography is essential to the elucidation of his thought.
