中華禪法鼓宗話頭禪學理思想之研究 ── 兼論宗密的九對頓漸=A Study of the Dharma Drum Lineage’s Theoretical Thought Regarding Huatou/ Doubt Sensation Chan Meditation: with a Review of the Zongmi Nine-pair Sudden/ Gradual Enlightenment
作者單位：法鼓文理學院副教授 Associate Professor, Dharma Drum Institute of Liberal Arts
關鍵詞
四諦十六行相=Sixteen Defining Activities of the Four Noble Truths; 祖師禪=Patriarchal Chan; 解悟證悟=Initial Insight and Final Enlightenment; 九對頓漸=Nine-pair Sudden/Gradual Enlightenment; 壇經=Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch
After its introduction to China, Buddhism underwent dramatic competition against, and fusion with, Chinese culture for hundreds of years. The Chan School after the Tang and Song dynasties can be regarded as the most successfully localized school. Drawing from the essence of both Buddhist and Chinese culture, it has best exemplified the characteristics of Chinese Buddhism. The “gateless gate of Chan” and “where the path of words is cut off” are both ideas often mentioned in Chinese Chan Buddhism. There is a large volume of discourse from ancient Chan masters, which has been and continues to be guiding texts for Chan practice. However, historically, the Chan School has talked little about constructing a system of Chinese Chan Buddhist thought, practice within the general development of Indian and Chinese Buddhism. In this study, a new attempt is proposed. The author would like to investigate the theoretical system of Huatou/Doubt Sensation Chan Meditation in Chinese Chan Buddhism from the viewpoint of the history of Indian and Chinese Buddhist thought. At the same time, through an examination of important Buddhist scriptures and works from Chan masters, this paper also discusses whether the philosophical thought regarding Huatou/Doubt Sensation Chan Meditation, which was inherited from Indian Buddhism and then transformed into a sect of Chinese Chan Buddhism, presents a coherent approach to Chan practice. The ultimate aim of this study is to evaluate and cultivate the characteristics of the Dharma Drum lineage of Chinese Chan Buddhism. In 2014, the author delivered a paper entitled, “The Origins and Development of Chinese Chan Buddhism: A Study of the Mozhao/ Silent Illumination Chan Meditation System of the Dharma Drum Lineage,” at the 5th International Sheng Yen Education Foundation Conference. That paper explored the original concepts of Chinese Chan Buddhism beginning with Agama Buddhism and continuing to Sectarian Buddhism. Being one of the two mainstream meditation methods of the Dharma Drum lineage, Huatou/Doubt Sensation Chan Meditation began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, especially during the time of the great Chan master Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗杲 (1089-1163). This paper will discuss four topics. (1) From both kinds of liberation to wisdom liberation: an example of ānâpāna-smṛti meditaton. (2) Sixteen defining activities of the Four Noble Truths and Huatou/Doubt Sensation Chan Meditation. (3) The Laṅkâvatāra-sūtra and chanji (profound functions). (4) From Tathāgata Chan to Patriarchal Chan, with a focus on Huatou Chan and an examination of the Chan Meditation Theoretical Thought of Chinese Chan Buddhism, extending from Mahayana Buddhism in India to Chinese Buddhism before the Tang Dynasty (2nd to 6th centuries CE).
