An Ocean of Buddhist Intellectual Culture in Two Intertextual Drops: Parallel Text and Issues Pertaining to Rongzom's Doctrine of 'Mere Appearance' (snang tsam)
This article identifies significant textual parallels between the Acintyamahāmudrā (Eng. The Inconceivable Great Seal) ascribed to Tilopa and the doctrinal discourse of the master work of the eleventh century defender of the Great Perfection, Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo, the Theg chen tshul ’jug (Eng. Entering the Way of the Great Vehicle). As such, it adds to the body of scholarship examining intertextuality within Buddhist literature and argues for a re-assessment of Rongzom’s doctrine of mere appearance. In conclusion, this paper uses information about the collection and editing of Rongzom’s work as touchstones for reflections on larger issues of textual modularity, communal authorship, received tradition, and the social and historical contexts of eleventh century Tibet. In doing so, we do not claim to exhaust the issues or ensuing questions. Rather we aim to contribute to our understanding of these issues by exploring hitherto unstudied intertextual associations structuring one of the most important works in the Nyingma or 'Old School' – and its core doctrinal theme of mere appearance (snang tsam).
目次
0. Introduction 215 1. Intertextual parallel in chapter five of Theg chen tshul 'jug: embedded text 218 2. The opening of Acintyamahāmudrā: tropes in vv. 2-3 220 3. The basic logic of Theg chen tshul 'jug: the fundamental trope 222 4. Trope linking Great Perfection with jñānayoga (shes pa'i rnal 'byor) 223 5. Parallel thematic structure 224 5.1 A normative hierarchy of Buddhist theories 224 5.1.1 On parallel thematic structure (cont.) 225 6. Discourse on the doctrine of "mere appearance" (snang ba tsam) in chapter one 226 6.1 Five exemplars of the illusory, beginning with illusion (māyā, sgyu ma) 227 6.2 Mirages (marici, smig rgyu) as exemplars of the illusory 229 6.3 Dreams (svapna, rmi lam) as exemplars of the illusory 230 6.4 Reflections (pratibimba, gzugs brnyan) as exemplars of the illusory 232 6.5 Emanations (nirmāna, sprul pa) as exemplars of the illusory 232 6.6 Summing up Tilopa's tropes of the illusory 234 7. Intertextual parallels in chapter two 235 7.1 On the perceptual reality of illusions 235 7.2 On the allusions to Rāmāyana and the sutra concerning Bhadramāyākāra 236 7.3 On the unreality of the path and perceptions of unreality vis-a-vis prasenā (mirror divination) 238 7.4 On the unreality of merit and negativity in the view of equality 239 7.4.1 On the unreality of merit and negativity in the view of equality (cont.) 240 7.5 On the fundamental equality of buddhas and sattvas and the nature of reality 241 8. What is learned from the dkar chag of Ju Mipham 242 Abbreviations 248
