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| Research on the Colophons of the Stone Sutra Project at Fangshan during the Liao and Jin Dynasty | ||
| 作者 | Chuang, Hui-Ping |
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| 出處題名 | 2018 第七屆漢傳佛教與聖嚴思想國際學術研討會 |
| 出版日期 | 2018.06.29 |
| 出版者 | 財團法人聖嚴教育基金會 |
| 出版者網址 | https://www.shengyen.org.tw/index.aspx?lang=cht |
| 出版地 | 臺北, 臺灣 [Taipei, Taiwan] |
| 資料類型 | 會議論文=Proceeding Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 關鍵詞 | Cloud Dwelling Monastery; Fangshan stone sutra project; colophons; Kaiyuan Canon; Khitan Canon; Liao dynasty; Jin dynasty |
| 摘要 | The Cloud Dwelling Monastery 雲居寺 is located about 75 kilometers (47 miles) southwest of Beijing, in the district of Fangshan 房山. Already during the Daye 大業 era (605-617) of the Sui 隋 dynasty (581-618) a monk named Jingwan 靜琬 (d. 639) vowed to chisel Buddhist scriptures into stone at this place, to save them from an apocalypse that he feared was imminent. The stone sutra project of the Cloud Dwelling Monastery lasted almost six centuries, across four different dynasties: Sui, Tang 唐 (618-907), Liao 遼 (907-1125) and Jin 金 (1115-1234). In the end, about 14,426 slabs of stones had been inscribed with 1,078 Buddhist scriptures, amounting to some 31 million characters. Today, this project is regarded as probably the largest epigraphic project in world history. The fact that during the process of the project two Buddhist canons – both lost today – were used as source, namely the Kaiyuan Canon 開元藏 and, in the Liao and Jin dynasties, the Khitan Canon 契丹藏, adds to the significance of the Fangshan stone sutras within the history of the Chinese Buddhist canon. Especially since the Tang dynasty we can find numerous colophons on the slabs, revealing information on the reasons for carving the texts, how the project was organized, when the texts were carved, and who participated in the process, including the names and some personal details of the officials in charge as well as of donors, chiselers, calligraphers and collators. These colophons are thus an excellent source for research on various aspects of society, religion and politics at the time. In 95 years during the Liao dynasty, from the restart of carving the sutras in 1027 until 1121, 6,850 stone slabs were produced, about 47% of the total amount. This period is also important, because it is a turning point in the project's history from the Tang dynasty and then on into the Jin dynasty. This presentation is based on my Ph.D. research on the colophons of the stone sutra project at the Cloud Dwelling Monastery during the Liao Dynasty ("Das Steininschriftenprojekt des Wolkenheimklosters während der Liao-Dynastie 907-1125"). Along the contents of the sutras and the changing political environment the project during that time was divided into four distinct periods, each with its special characteristics. Under this framework the colophons were analyzed in combination with historical records and recently excavated inscriptions on tombs and narrative steles from that era. The changes and continuities during these four periods offer a detailed picture of the development of the Fangshan stone sutra project during the Liao. The Jin dynasty is another important period in the course of the Fangshan stone sutra project. From 1132 to about 1192, 74 bundles of sutras were carved on close to 5,000 slabs of stone, representing about one third of the project's total output. In contrast to the Liao, narrative steles from the Jin dynasty that tell us about the process and the motives of the project during that time are extremely rare. For this reason, the colophons from Jin dynasty are even more important. This report will close with a discussion of how the stone sutra project during the Jin was indebted to the Liao, but will also shed some light on the differences that appear in the colophons from that time. |
| 點閱次數 | 136 |
| 建檔日期 | 2021.03.16 |
| 更新日期 | 2021.03.23 |
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