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| The Buddha and Patañjali: The Impact of Buddhism on the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali with Regard to Ethics as Foundation of Spiritual Attainment as well as the Conception of the Cause and Cessation of Suffering | ||
| 作者 | Johnson, Mark Edsel |
|---|---|
| 出處題名 | Sri Lanka International Journal of Buddhist Studies (SIJBS) |
| 卷期 | v.2 |
| 出版日期 | 2012 |
| 頁次 | 225 - 251 |
| 出版者 | SIBA – DCI Research Centre |
| 出版地 | Sri Lanka [斯里蘭卡] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 摘要 | The teachings of Gotama the Buddha have heavily influenced Modern Hinduism and one avenue of this influence can be traced through the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali. The Yoga Sūtras show the influence of numerous prior traditions and practices, and some direct lineage from the Sāṁkhya School, but the influence of Buddhist teachings and those of related śramanic schools form a crucial part of Patañjali’s foundations of ethical practice and analysis of the cause of suffering and its cessation. Within India, the crucial impact of Buddhism on Yoga and modern Hinduism goes largely unacknowledged due to the predisposed tendencies to credit the Vedas as the origin and inspiration of all subsequent philosophical and religious developments among the Indian schools of thought and practice. This standpoint runs counter to the discovery of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization as the likely origin of yoga, meditation, and a philosophical/religious movement termed śramanism. This places the origin of the most important elements of modern Hindu practice outside of the Vedic and brahmanic tradition. In rejecting the authority of the Vedas and placing primacy on direct spiritual experience, the Buddha firmly established a movement which came to be known as Buddhism, which under the patronage of successive monarchs, especially the Mauryan Dynasty, became widespread in India in the centuries following the Buddha. Largely through the influence of Buddhism, the wider śramanic teachings gained popularity and respectability, even among the Brahmin caste, who had originally been firmly opposed to such movements. The śramanic ideas and practices began to penetrate newly arising religious trends such as embodied in the Upaniṣads and Bhagavad Gītā. The Tevijja Sutta, the Discourse of the Threefold Knowledge, of the Digha Nikāya (DN 13) provides an interesting study of how the Buddha contrasted his threefold knowledge with that of the Brahmins of his time in an interesting and illustrative sutta. In this sutta, the Buddha clearly lays out the defining characteristics of his path and calls into question the traditional approach of the Brahmins. Later philosophers and teachers within the reforming Hindu tradition followed the Buddha’s teaching much more that that of the Vedas. So a look at this sutta and related topics will yield much insight into the re-formation of Hinduism in centuries following the Buddha. In this environment of Buddhist/śramanic influence, Patañjali composed his Yoga Sūtras. Patañjali’s work displays much closer affinity to Buddhism and the other śramanic schools than to the early Vedas. Due to the widespread influence of Yoga Sūtras on medieval and modern Hinduism, this Buddhist/śramanic influence has become the standard in Hinduism. Despite the elements in common with Buddhism, modern Hinduism and the Yoga School hold views that set them apart from Buddhism. Many of the common elements, such as primacy of spiritual experience rather than blind faith make both Yoga and Buddhism remarkably “modern” in their outlook, despite being the product of a remote age. In the spiritual vacuum of the modern material world, both Yoga and Buddhism are enjoying widespread popularity and growth, as many people are experiencing acute suffering due to the excessive modern lifestyle. In fact, Buddhism and Yoga are having parallel growth among many of the same sorts of people in modern society and it is not uncommon for people to combine the two practices, or to begin with the one and be naturally led to the other. Depending on whether one’s practice is Buddhist or Hindu/Yogic, one will need to adapt any borrowing to fit one’s main practice, as there are some unharmonious elements as well as the common ground. |
| 目次 | The Three Knowledges in Brahmanism and in Buddhism 226 The Way to Union with Brahmā 230 The Teaching of the Four Brahma-Viharas: the Liberation of the Heart and Mind 236 The Buddha’s Teaching of Dependent Origination and Its Impact on PatañJali 243 Conclusion 248 |
| ISSN | 27736814 (P); 20128878 (E) |
| 點閱次數 | 210 |
| 建檔日期 | 2017.02.15 |
| 更新日期 | 2017.11.01 |
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