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| 端正法的研究=A Study of Beginning of Proper Dharma (anupubbim katham) of the Buddha | ||
| 作者 | 王孫第 (著)=Wang, Sun (au.) |
|---|---|
| 出版日期 | 2010 |
| 頁次 | 101 |
| 出版者 | 華梵大學東方人文思想研究所 |
| 出版者網址 | http://oh.hfu.edu.tw |
| 出版地 | 臺北縣, 臺灣 [Taipei hsien, Taiwan] |
| 資料類型 | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
| 使用語言 | 中文=Chinese |
| 學位類別 | 碩士 |
| 校院名稱 | 華梵大學 |
| 系所名稱 | 東方人文思想研究所 |
| 指導教授 | 釋仁朗 |
| 畢業年度 | 98 |
| 關鍵詞 | 端正法=righteous dharma; 次第法=The beginning of the proper dharma; 布施=almsgiving; 持戒; 生天reborn in heaven; 婆羅門教=Brahmanism; 正信因果; 阿含=Nikāyas; anupubbim异 katham; taking percepts |
| 摘要 | 巴利原文「anupubbi异 katha异」通常譯為「端正法」或「次第法」:如果譯為「端正法」,那麼應是單就「布施」、「持戒」和「生天」三者而言;如果譯為「次第法」,則涵蓋了離欲白淨法,以至於四聖諦正法要。「次第法」是較為廣義的翻譯,但也顯示了從「端正法」到「正法要」的連貫性。把施、戒、天視為正法的開端,通往正法的必修之法,似乎更能呈現諸佛常法的完整意義。也因此「端正法」作為佛弟子應有的基本修持,是沒有僧俗的分野的,自利利他原本就是世尊說法的初衷。縱使因身份的不同而有修持上深淺的差異,但布施利他、持戒護自和善惡的生天正信因果,都是佛弟子共同應有的基礎功課。 佛陀說「端正法」接引廣大眾生進入佛門,對大乘佛教的發展是有相當的影響,從出家僧眾為主軸的佛教,漸漸轉向人數更為龐大的在家眾作為支持的佛教。就某種層面而言,佛教是為了順應世俗而由出世走向入世,但其真正意義確是開一扇方便門讓更多人認識佛法、了解佛法。但這並不表示佛從此不重視解脫,而是「因材施教」,次第的引導,讓有心向佛的人都有機會學習到適當的佛法,而不只是侷限在出家僧眾。相對地,佛所說法,並不是一味地講說涅槃解脫的出世間法,而且也教導人們實實在在地從現實生活中體解世間的因果法則。正因為佛法是人人都能在生活中落實的生命教育,而且有著世尊本身和諸聲聞弟子的親身教示,不但讓社會大眾覺得佛法的親切,願意親近學習,也鼓舞著大家對正法、律的信心,佛教因而興盛。 佛教採納了許多印度民族的思想,甚至於是佛陀認為適當的婆羅門的教理,這是不可否認的事實;不過把佛法認為是完全延續著婆羅門教的思想,這當中就存在著許多的誤會。本研究探討的主題是諸佛所說的「端正法」,一則為了順應當時印度民族所普遍流行的傳統價值觀,但卻也是為了導正婆羅門教所教導的因果觀念。佛陀包容了當時社會的許多主流思想的合理部分,也提出了對不如法的部分的辯駁或新的觀點。世尊的教說在眾家思想波濤洶湧的浪潮中成為一股清流而廣為當時的印度社會所接受,也是因為能夠面對諸外道的挑戰,以種種方便說「端正法」,從彼此都有共識的議題上正本清源,同時也力排誤謬,教導人們正確的因果觀和正法、律的基礎。本研究經過了和婆羅門教在布施、持戒、生天的觀點上作比較,清楚地可以看出世尊從這些議題在苦行、祭祀萬能、種姓制度、梵我合一等等婆羅門基本教義上,做了相當幅度的修正。如果不清楚分辨這些課題上的異同,很容易讓人誤認佛教為婆羅門教的分流;乃至佛教徒自己,也很容易被像法所困惑。所以佛陀選擇「端正法」作為向世人說法的初機,是有著釐清正法分野的深意。 The beginning of the proper dharma, anupubbim异 katham异 in Pàl毕 text, usually directs to three subjects, almsgiving, taking percepts, and reborn in heaven, and is sometimes translated as dharma of gradually teaching which includes previous three terms, dharma of purification, till the most righteous dharma, Fourfold Noble Truth. It could be found in all Nikāyas, but is paid little attention by academic studies. According to D毕gha Nikāya, at the moment Buddha got enlightened, he didn’t want to share what he had discovered with others, but Brahmadeva persuaded him to teach sentient beings. After discreet thinking, Buddha decided to declare “anupubbi异 katha异” to launch his dharma teaching. There are two meanings of anupubbi异 katha异 from Buddha’s teaching disclosed in this thesis. First, it’s the beginning of righteous dharma, a guidance of the proper behaviors in Buddhist life, a fundamental course for all Buddhists, and a path to realization of correct view of cause and effect. Second, it’s meant to modify the same subjects expressed by Brahmanism. Although, almsgiving, taking percepts, and reborn in heaven were initially introduced by traditional Indian religion, they were mainly designed for maintaining Brahman’s authority which could overrule the law of cause and effect. Buddha accepted the reasonable part of their theory, and also justified the unreasonable part as well. Apparently, it was easier for Buddha to present most people his viewpoints based upon the concept they had already familiar with. On the other hand, it was not easy for him to overcome the challenges from those contemporary philosophers who had been well known by the society. However, Buddha successfully established a new trend for people to follow. This study intended to classify the differences between Buddhism and Brahmanism, in terms of almsgiving, taking percepts, and reborn in heaven three subjects, and to discuss some related issues such as possible charity performed in Buddha’s era, the way for righteous dharma to propagate forever, and the expedient teaching of Buddha dharma. It has been over two thousand years since Buddha got enlightened. There must be a reason that anupubbi异 katha异 was his first choice to launch his speech. This research finds some evidences from Chinese version Nikāyas to restore the story with the background of ancient Indian society, and hopefully can be a useful reference for modern Buddhism. |
| 目次 | 第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………… 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………… 1 第二節 研究內容綱要 ……………………………………………… 3 第三節 研究方法與文獻資料 ……………………………………… 6 第二章 「端正法」探源 ………………………………………………… 7 第一節 佛說「端正法」背景之略述與學界的研究 ……………… 7 第二節 《阿含經》中「端正法」巴利原文的探討 …………… 10 第三節 端正法為諸佛所說 ………………………………………… 16 第四節 端正法與次第法 …………………………………………… 23 第五節 從「端正法」檢視佛弟子應有的基本修持 ……………… 29 第三章 布施 …………………………………………………………… 35 第一節 婆羅門教布施觀的檢視 …………………………………… 35 第二節 《阿含經》中的布施觀 …………………………………… 40 第三節 佛陀自利利他的思想--菩薩行與解脫道 ……………… 47 第四節 佛世時慈善事業的探討 …………………………………… 54 第四章 持戒 …………………………………………………………… 58 第一節 婆羅門教在《摩奴法典》中有關五戒的探討 …………… 58 第二節 《阿含經》中的「持戒」精神 …………………………… 66 第三節 持戒與正法久住的探討 …………………………………… 77 第五章 生天 …………………………………………………………… 82 第一節 古印度的生天與輪迴思想 ………………………………… 82 第二節 佛教的生天觀 ……………………………………………… 88 第三節 方便施設教化的省思 ……………………………………… 95 第六章 結論 …………………………………………………………… 98 |
| 點閱次數 | 506 |
| 建檔日期 | 2010.08.13 |
| 更新日期 | 2015.08.11 |
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