Religious History; Tien-tai Buddhism; Chih-li; Doctrines; Sung
摘要
This work is an inquiry into the formation of Chih-li's orthodoxy in the Sung T'ien-t'ai tradition. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to investigate the origins and development of the schism that rent the Sung T'ien-t'ai tradition; and, second, to use Chih-li as an example to consider the theoretical issue of how the "orthodoxy" of a Buddhist tradition is constructed.
This study consists of two parts. The first part, which consists of three chapters, examines the background to the schism in the Sung T'ien-t'ai tradition. Chapter 1 discusses the social origins of the debates between the Shan-chia and Shan-wai schools in the early Sung. Chapter 2 traces the intellectual origin of the Sung T'ien-t'ai schism to Chan-jan's "reformulation" of T'ien-t'ai Buddhism. Chapter 3 examines the genesis of the Shan-wai school through a discussion of the Shan-wai masters' T'ien-t'ai thought.
Part two consists of four chapters, scrutinizing the construction of Chih-li's orthodoxy. Chapter 4 presents Chih-li's definition of "orthodox" T'ien-t'ai doctrinal teachings through his criticisms of Shan-wai thought. Chapter 5 discusses how Chih-li emerged as a charismatic Buddhist leader, which contributed to consolidating his orthodox status in the T'ien-t'ai tradition. Chapter 6 discusses criticisms of Chih-li's thought and the institutionalization of Chih-li's interpretation of T'ien-t'ai Buddhism by his Shan-chia followers during the remainder of the Sung period. Chapter 7 examines two T'ien-t'ai historical writings, Shih-men cheng-t'ung (The Orthodox Lineage of the Buddhist Tradition) and Fo-tsu t'ung-chi (The Universal Record of the Buddha and the Patriarchs), which were compiled in the Southern Sung period as a means of creating a legitimate T'ien-t'ai lineage in which Chih-li's orthodoxy would be recognized.
