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| The Comparative Effects of Zen Focusing and Muscle Relaxation Training on Selected Experiential Variables | ||
| 作者 | Krueger, Robert Carl (著) |
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| 出處題名 | Dissertation Abstracts International |
| 卷期 | v.41 n.4 Section A |
| 出版日期 | 1980.10 |
| 頁次 | 1405 |
| 出版者 | ProQuest LLC |
| 出版者網址 | https://www.proquest.com/ |
| 出版地 | Ann Arbor, MI, US [安娜堡, 密西根州, 美國] |
| 資料類型 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 學位類別 | 博士 |
| 校院名稱 | University of Iowa |
| 畢業年度 | 1980 |
| 附註項 | 171p |
| 關鍵詞 | 禪宗=Zen Buddhism=Zazen Buddhism; Meditation; Relaxation Therapy; Anxiety; Time Perspective; Psychotherapeutic Processes; Human; Adult |
| 摘要 | This was an exploratory study to examine the comparative effects of Zen meditation and muscle relaxation training on selected client variables which are of importance in the counseling process. In particular, the dependent variables were subjects' ability to do experiential focusing, their orientation toward living in the present, and anxiety level measured in terms of state-trait anxiety. Subjects for the study came from three physical education classes taught at The University of Iowa. Two intact classes of undergraduate students who had enrolled in a "Relaxation Techniques" course were each assigned to one of two treatment groups: (1) Zen meditation focusing (N = 16), or (2) muscle relaxation training (N = 17). The treatment groups contained both males and females, and most subjects were inexperienced in meditation or muscle relaxation. A group of female undergraduates enrolled in a "Figure Improvement" course served as the control group (N = 10). Subjects in the Zen Focusing group (ZF) practiced Zen meditation based on standardized instructions to follow the flow of their breathing, while sitting in a specified posture in chairs. Subjects in the Muscle Relaxation group (MR) practiced systematic muscle tension-release as outlined by Bernstein and Borkovec (1973). Subjects in both treatment groups practiced in class for 30 minutes, twice each week and at home for 30 minutes, three times each week. The treatment period lasted for five weeks, with a potential of 25 practice sessions total. The females in the control group did exercises to tone up their muscles but did not receive any other treatment. For the dependent measures subjects in all three groups were pre and post treatment tested for experiential focusing ability with the Gendlin Focusing Manual (Gendlin, 1969), for present-centeredness with the Time Ratio Scales of the Personal Orientation Inventory (Shostrom, 1966), and for anxiety level with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch and Lushene, 1970). All subjects were also tested for anxiety level after two weeks of treatment. Subjects in both treatment groups rated the depth of their experience during practice sessions according to eight categories on a self-rated instrument, the Depth of Experience Scale. Data analysis for the two treatment groups was done with a two-way ANOVA (treatments x sex) of the post minus pretreatment change scores on the dependent measures. And a one-way ANOVA of the three groups change scores, using only females data was done. Results failed to show any significant differences among the three groups in improving subjects' experiential focusing ability, but there was a significant treatment by sex interaction present. For present-centeredness there were no significant group differences for main effects, but there was a two-way interaction present. For overall change in state-trait anxiety level, subjects in all three groups reduced both state and trait anxiety levels by several points at the end of the treatment. But, there were no significant differences among groups. Treatment group subjects self-rated depth of experience scores were correlated with other measures of psychological functioning, but no significant relationships were revealed. Discussion is given to using Zen focusing as an anxiety reduction technique. Several measurement problems with the dependent test instruments and other limitations are discussed. Suggestions are made for further research approaches to use intensive study of individual subjects (Thoresen, 1973) or clinical approach designs, rather than limiting research to only large comparative group designs. |
| ISBN | 9798403449458 |
| 點閱次數 | 330 |
| 建檔日期 | 1998.04.28 |
| 更新日期 | 2022.03.30 |
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