| 摘要 | 北京為元、明、清三朝京都,是中華各民族文化薈萃之地,同時也是我國政治、經濟、中心。自元代以來,西藏納入中國版圖后,歷代中央王朝在京興建了大量的藏傳佛教寺院。以示對藏傳佛教的優待政策。這種延續性使得在北京的藏傳佛教寺院有了一個相對穩定發展的時間與空間。公元十七世紀中葉,清王朝入主中原,定鼎北京之后,基本沿用元明兩朝的治藏政策,同時也是為自身信仰的需要,因此對藏傳佛教特別是格魯派非常尊崇,許多格魯派領袖和高僧大德紛紛進京朝覲、進行佛事活動。在京的藏傳佛教寺院也達到空前規模,僅由理藩院管理的官署寺院就有三十二座,其余寺廟二十余座。大量的藏傳佛教寺院對清代政治以及北京的民俗文化都產生了深遠的影響,直到現在北京的一些寺院依然保存了這些民俗活動。因此,對清代北京藏傳佛教寺院的研究就有了歷史和現實的雙重意義。 本文運用歷史學、宗教學的研究方法,對清代北京藏傳佛教寺院產生的歷史背景、寺院發展的興衰表現、寺院的各種制度、功能等方面進行了系統研究。同時還將散落于地方志、寺院志中有關清代北京許多鮮為人知的藏傳佛教寺院歷史資料進行整理、加工,附于文章附錄。
Beijing, once the capital of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and now the political and economic center of China is the place where all kinds of Chinese cultures gather together. Since Tibet being merged into China in Yuan Dynasty, the central authorities of each dynasty have founded lots of Tibetan Buddhist Temples in Beijing so as to show the preferential treatment policies to Tibetan Buddhism. In the middle of the 17th century, after Qing Dynasty dominated the whole China and made Beijing the capital, the administration policies to Tibet of Yuan and Ming Dynasties were inherited. Meanwhile, to meet their own needs for faith, Qing showed great worship to Tibetan Buddhism, especially to Yellow-Hat sect. Consequently, lots of leaders and advanced monks poured into capital to be presented before with the sovereigns and carry out Buddhist ceremonies, which caused an unprecedented scale of Tibetan Buddhism Temples in Beijing—32 governmental temples under the management of vassal state and the number of other temples over 20. So many Tibetan Buddhism temples have brought far-reaching influence on the politics and folk custom in Beijing of Qing Dynasty, some of which are still kept till now. Therefore, the study of Beijing’s Tibetan Buddhism Temples in Qing Dynasty bears double folds of significance in both history and reality.Adopting the approaches employed in history and religion studies, the paper discusses the significance of Beijing’s Tibetan Buddhism Temples in history and reality through the study on their historical background, rising and declining during their development, as well as their systems and functions. Meanwhile, the paper also gathers many hardly-known historical materials on Beijing’s temples scattered in annals of local history and temple, which can be found in the attachments. |
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