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| Ambiguity Tolerance, Attribution Bias, and Meditation: A Look at Self-Schematization and Buddhist Egolessness | ||
| 作者 | Dubin, Paul George |
|---|---|
| 出版日期 | 1994 |
| 頁次 | 190 |
| 出版者 | Pacific Graduate School of Psychology |
| 出版者網址 | http://www.pgsp.edu/ |
| 出版地 | Redwood City, CA, US [紅木城, 加利福尼亞州, 美國] |
| 資料類型 | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
| 使用語言 | 英文=English |
| 學位類別 | 博士 |
| 校院名稱 | Pacific Graduate School of Psychology |
| 畢業年度 | 1994 |
| 關鍵詞 | 正念=覺知=Mindfulness=Awareness; 佛教人物=Buddhist; 佛教心理學=Buddhist Psychology; 法師=Master; 空性=Sunyata=Sunnata=Emptiness; 修行方法=修行法門=Practice; 靜坐=Meditation; 禪修=Meditation; 禪修者=Meditator |
| 摘要 | Egolessness, a principle central to Buddhist psychology, suggests a level of awareness in which perceived phenomena, both internal and external, are seen as transient, epiphenomenal constructs. It speaks to a heartfelt appreciation of the limited, provisional and post hoc quality of all acts of schematization. This appreciation and awareness, developed over time, is said to allow one to come to recognize the fundamental emptiness (shunyata) of all cognitive/perceptual forms--particularly those regarding self--and to realize a more vivid and direct affrontation with a unifying reality that both precedes and transcends schemas and schematization. Egolessness and emptiness point to the dereification of all concepts; thus any attempt to directly scrutinize or appraise these principles conceptually or with words will necessarily miss the mark. Nonetheless, this study predicted that two correlates of sustained meditative practice would be a heightened tolerance of ambiguity and a lower incidence of defensive attribution bias (DAB). Subjects in the study, all North American adults, included 55 advanced meditators, 50 beginning meditators, and 52 non-meditators. As predicted, advanced meditators showed significantly more ambiguity tolerance (as measured by MacDonald's AT-20) than beginning meditators, who in turn showed significantly more than non-meditators. No group showed evidence of DAB, although among beginning and non-meditators manifest DAB may have been obscured by a strong inclination to hold individuals responsible for unwanted events, regardless of the severity of the consequences. Meditation, argue Buddhists, does not encourage one to directly alter or suppress schemas, but rather to relate to them in a more mindfully detached manner. Thus even accomplished masters are said to maintain idiographic qualities of thought, personality, and character. Supporting this view, this study found no differences in attributional style (as measured by the EASQ-S) among the three groups. This study's results provide evidence that core concepts of Buddhist and other meditative traditions may be examined empirically in ways that allow for a more thoughtful integration of Eastern and Western psychologies. Such efforts can lead to richer and more comprehensive models of adult psychic development. |
| 點閱次數 | 640 |
| 建檔日期 | 2008.04.23 |
| 更新日期 | 2016.02.02 |
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