Christopher Bollas; Thomas Ogden; Robert Stolorow; Bollas; Christopher; Ogden; Thomas; Stolorow; Robert; Countertransference
摘要
This dissertation is a conceptual-analytic study of countertransference in the works of three contemporary psychoanalysts: Christopher Bollas, Thomas Ogden, and Robert Stolorow. After a brief, selective history of the concept of countertransference, these psychoanalysts' theory and practice of countertransference are examined on the basis of their approach to intersubjectivity. In the view of Bollas, the analyst must help the patient articulate the unthought known transferred onto the analytic environment as a form of being. However, Bollas ultimately regarded countertransference as mysterious. In the view of Ogden, the analyst must make use of reveries conjured in the analytic third by the patient's projective identifications. Ogden argued that the analyst must use reverie elusively, lest he or she usurp the patient's right of self definition. In the view of Stolorow, transference and countertransference exert a mutual influence on one another, and the analyst must be capable of reflecting on his or her own principles of organization to facilitate the exploration and growth of the patient's subjective world. It is shown that Stolorow could not explain his theory of countertransference on the basis of subjective experience alone. It is then argued that projective identification, as understood by Ogden, extends the concept of the selfobject experience of incomplete separation to explain the coordination of the analyst's and patient's subjective experience. Stephen Mitchell's discussion of Hans Loewald is used to reconcile the views of Ogden and Stolorow. The importance of language is discussed in light of the fact that, in the works of Bollas and Ogden, intersubjectivity deconstructs basic categorical pairs such as self and other and thus exists in a realm inaccessible to words. Because poetic allusions to intersubjectivity are the best way to approach it linguistically, it is recommended that analysts study literature. And, because the countertransference approach that arises from these views requires the analyst to sit with unformulated experience, it is recommended that analysts consider the practice of Zen Buddhism.
